垂直绿化生态效益研究综述

全球气候变化和城市化背景下城市生态环境问题越发凸显，面对日趋紧张的土地资源现状，垂直绿化建设成为重要的城市绿地补充手段，对改善城市环境具有重要意义。垂直绿化具有多种生态效益，且其效益发挥受到多因素共同影响。如何统筹协调生态效益和影响因素之间的复杂关系，以使其综合生态效益最大化，是当前垂直绿化建设亟待解决的科学问题之一。基于文献综述法归纳了不同生态效益的机制及其关键影响因素，并对多效益和多影响因素进行了综合分析。结果表明，垂直绿化具有缓解城市热岛、建筑节能减排、固碳、净化空气、降噪、截留雨水和支持生物多样性等七种主要生态效益，并受到植被特征、设施结构特征、气象条件、空间格局等多方面因素的共同影响。基于对效益和影响因素的综合分析，进一步提出了两点规划思路：首先，关注环境需求和效益供给的耦合关系能够更加科学合理地指导区域垂直绿化建设布局。其次，关注生态效益间的关系，以区域关键生态环境问题为导向进行效益权衡并结合考虑其影响因素的重要性程度能为规划设计提供有效建议。     

Maternal pregestational diabetes and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the offspring: A population-based study in Northern Italy

IntroductionThis population-based study aims to evaluate the association between maternal pregestational diabetes and risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in the offspring.MethodsAll 241,958 children born in three Northern Italy provinces 1998–2010 were followed from birth until first cancer diagnosis (National Childhood Cancer Register), age 15 years, or 31 December 2017. We computed hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of ALL in relation to the presence of maternal diabetes through Cox proportional regression models.ResultsWe observed 145 cases of ALL, with a higher incidence in children born to women with pregestational diabetes compared to the others (12.4 vs 4.6). Adjusted hazard ratio of ALL was 2.6 (CI, 0.6–10.5) for maternal diabetes.DiscussionWe estimated higher risks of ALL in the offspring of women with pregestational diabetes. These results are consistent with previous findings and compatible with a role of prenatal glycaemic environment in childhood cancer aetiology.     

Transforming growth factors (TGFs): Properties and possible mechanisms of action

Transforming growth factors (TGFs) are growth-promoting polypeptides that cause phenotypic transformation and anchorage-independent growth of normal cells. They have been isolated from several human and animal carcinoma and sarcoma cells. One TGF is sarcoma growth factor (SGF) which is released hy murine sarcoma virus-transformed cells. The TGFs interact with epidermal growth factor (EGF) cell membrane receptors. TGFs are not detectable in culture fluids from cells which contain high numbers of free EGF cell membrane receptors. SGF acts as a tumor promoter in cell culture systems and its effect on the transformed phenotype is blocked by retinoids (vitamin A and synthetic analogs). The production of TGFs by transformed cells and the responses of normal cells to the addition of TGFs to the culture medium raise the possibility that cells “autostimulate” their own growth by releasing factors that rebind at the cell surface. The term “autocrine secretion” has been proposed for this type of situation where a cell secretes a hormone-like substance for which it has external cell membrane receptors. The autocrine concept may provide a partial explanation for some aspects of tumor cell progression.     

The feeding behaviour of Leptodora kindti and its impact on the zooplankton community of Neusiedler See (Austria)

Leptodora kindti is a very efficient invertebrate predator. Its searching mode of preying is tactile. The setae of the first thoracic limb act as mechanoreceptors, the other thoracic limbs, thorax and head together form the shape of an open basket in which after encounter the prey is pushed in by the aid of the first thoracic limbs and the furca. In Neusiedler See, small individuals of Diaphanosoma brachyurum (0.6–0.9 mm) are the preferred prey, rarely copepods are taken. The predation rate is influenced by temperature, prey density and predator size and varies between less than one and 12 prey items per predator per day. At high predator densities, Leptodora will have a substantial effect on the Diaphanosoma population of Neusiedler See.     

康复运动对冠脉支架植入术后患者相关因素的影响

目的：研究心脏康复运动对冠脉支架植入术后患者血脂、血糖、体重指数及生活质量的影响。方法：对实施冠脉支架植入术的 146例患者进行比较分析，根据随机原则分为试验组76 例及对照组70 例。对照组患者给予常规的健康教育及冠心病二级预防指 导，给予定期随访。试验组患者在此基础上给予规律的康复运动指导。经过6 个月随访，比较两组患者血脂、HbA1C、体重指数及 生活质量情况。结果：试验组患者通过为期6 个月的规律的心脏康复运动指导，其血脂、HbA1C等冠心病危险因素控制情况优于 对照组，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。同时，6个月后，试验组康复运动六月后sF 量表各项评分与对照组同期比较，差异均有统计 学意义(P<0.05)。结论：规范的心脏康复运动指导能够有效改善冠脉支架植入术后患者血脂、血糖情况，提高患者生活质量。     

MicroRNA-155 Regulates Cell Survival,Growth, and Chemosensitivity by Targeting FOXO3a in Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Despite improvement in treatment over the past few decades, there is an urgent need for development of targeted therapies. miR-155 (microRNA-155) is frequently up-regulated in breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate the critical role of miR-155 in regulation of cell survival and chemosensitivity through down-regulation of FOXO3a in breast cancer. Ectopic expression of miR-155 induces cell survival and chemoresistance to multiple agents, whereas knockdown of miR-155 renders cells to apoptosis and enhances chemosensitivity. Further, we identified FOXO3a as a direct target of miR-155. Sustained overexpression of miR-155 resulted in repression of FOXO3a protein without changing mRNA levels, and knockdown of miR-155 increases FOXO3a. Introduction of FOXO3a cDNA lacking the 3′-untranslated region abrogates miR-155-induced cell survival and chemoresistance. Finally, inverse correlation between miR-155 and FOXO3a levels were observed in a panel of breast cancer cell lines and tumors. In conclusion, our study reveals a molecular link between miR-155 and FOXO3a and presents evidence that miR-155 is a critical therapeutic target in breast cancer.     

Factors controlling embryonic heart cell proliferation in serum-free synthetic media

Summary Embryonic chick cardiac cell cultures, plated on collagen-coated dishes, containing serum-free synthetic media proliferate actively. The basic medium contained Ham's F12 nutrient mixture, fetuin, ascorbic acid, and bovine serum albumin. This medium was supplemented with various combinations of factors; endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulin (I), transferrin (T), selenium (S), hydrocortisone, and thyroxine or supplemented alone. Basic medium supplemented with ECGS alone contributes to the highest final cell density among all other factors used in various combinations or alone. The final cell density of the control culture with 2% fetal bovine serum was higher than those of all experimental cultures and an additional control culture grown in the basic medium. Combinations of factors without ECGS do not promote significant cell proliferation. Thyroxine is required to induce optimal differentiation and contractility of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Fibronectin and laminin did not show any more influence than collagen did on the growth and maintenance of cardiac myocytes in serum-free media. The proportion of cardiac muscle cells in ECGS-containing media was higher than those in other experimental media and control media with the exception of ECGS and ITS-containing medium that showed lower proportion of cardiac myocytes than that of serum-containing medium on Days 3 and 5. The profiles of incorporation of [³H]thymidine into DNA of heart cells in experimental and control cultures showed a peak in incorporation values within the first week of culture and subsequently declined. Autoradiography studies revealed that cardiac myocytes in culture supplemented with ECGS alone attained a peak in labeling index on Day 1 with approximately 62% labeled cells. Subsequently, the labeling indices declined. Cardiac myocytes grown in media without ECGS showed significantly lower labeling indices than those in ECGS-containing media. This study has demonstrated the influence of ECGS, EGF and ITS in promoting the growth of cardiac myocytes and also in contributing to the maintenance of contractile cardiac myocytes in serum-free, long-term culture. The influence of ECGS on heart cell proliferation is considered to be superior to that of EGF and ITS. This study was supported in part by a grant HL-25482 from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and a grant from the American Heart Association of Michigan.     

Polyphenols of Leaf,Litter and Soil of Pinus bungeana across China and Their Responses to Ecological Factors

The importance of phenolic compounds for responding to various environmental conditions has been widely emphasized. However, the role of interactions between polyphenols and ecological factors, especially C, N, and P stoichiometry was little studied. Here, 15 sites across five provinces of Pinus bungeana in temperate regions of China were studied. The results showed that the higher values of total phenolic contents (TPC) of leaf and litter were distributed among the north distribution area of P. bungeana, lower values were in the south, whereas soil TPC were contrary to leaf and litter TPC. The stepwise regression, path analysis and decision index of path analysis for leaf TPC and ecological factors showed that altitude had the most direct impact on leaf TPC. Moreover, the principal determinants of leaf, litter and soil TPC were soil C/P ratios, longitude, and soil N/P ratios, respectively. In addition, the leaf, litter and soil TPC of P. bungeana were limited by soil C/N ratios, mean annual temperature, and soil P, respectively. Overall, our study provided evidence that ecological factors affected strongly the leaf, litter and soil TPC of P. bungeana.